State Estimator with PMU Measurements

PMU measurements provide highly accurate, time-synchronized voltage and current phasors, but they are expressed in a different measurement form than traditional SCADA data. Traditional state estimators are built around power-based measurements such as real and reactive power injections and flows, while PMUs report voltage and current phasors. Using the two measurement types together therefore requires a unified measurement framework.

To enable seamless integration, PMU phasor measurements can be transformed into equivalent power measurements. By converting PMU voltage and current phasors into real and reactive power injections and branch flows, PMU data can be expressed in the same form as conventional measurements. This allows PMU-derived measurements and traditional SCADA measurements to be used together in a single, consistent state estimation framework, without modifying existing measurement models or EMS data structures.

This transformation preserves the high accuracy and fast dynamics of PMU data while enabling full compatibility with SE+. Once converted, PMU-based power measurements are treated the same as traditional measurements within SE+. The algorithm continues to identify and reject inconsistent data, maintain robustness against bad data and leverage points, and guarantee convergence to a feasible solution. As a result, operators can fully exploit PMU measurements alongside legacy data while retaining the reliability, explainability, and operational benefits of SE+.