Topology Estimator

Topology error detection is one of the most difficult problems for traditional state estimation algorithms. Conventional WLS- or LAV-based estimators assume the network topology is correct and rely primarily on residual magnitudes to identify errors. When the topology is wrong—such as incorrect breaker status or missing connections—the resulting inconsistencies are often absorbed into the solution, producing biased state estimates without clear alarms. In many cases, topology errors are misidentified as random bad data or remain completely undetected, making reliable topology validation extremely challenging for traditional approaches.

SE+ enables a fundamentally different and more reliable approach to topology detection. Instead of minimizing residual size, SE+ focuses on measurement consistency with the network model. Bus injection measurements are directly tied to network topology, and when the topology is incorrect, these injections become structurally inconsistent even if their values are accurate. SE+ naturally identifies and rejects such inconsistent injection measurements, providing a clear indicator of topology errors. By analyzing these rejection patterns, the SE+-based Topology Estimator can reliably locate affected areas and identify the topology configuration that restores measurement consistency—without relying on fragile thresholds or perfectly clean data.